Individual report - Be able to develop a communications process Research Paper

Individual report - Be able to develop a communications process - Research Paper Example These are basically computer based and internet linked. Social media has created a buzz in every industry. All industries including the airline industry has adopted the use of social media in their business and marketing process. The reason why social media gained the hype is that these media permit interactive exchange with the end users (Gerson, 2010). The exercise of this type of media in corporate internal and external communication has changed every aspect in airline industry. Emirates, a Dubai based airlines, wholly owned by the government of Dubai, has embraced social media approach for marketing and communication and also for crisis management when the airlines face bad weather conditions. In 2011, Emirates hired a digital agency that developed a Facebook page for the carrier. This was the initial step for the carrier towards the social media footprint (Rahal, 2010). The main goal behind this move is to develop a â€Å"touching connection† with the customers and contac t maximum number of customers who use airlines as their mode of travel. The initiative provided a platform for the carrier to make a channel for greater convenience through which the customers can reach the airlines. The brand became well known and prestigious among the mass and the carrier got brand loyal customers (Bilal, 2011). Emirates had also launched 29 whimsical animated ads in 14 languages to show the lighter side of language. The animated ads were the next step of the global airline’s â€Å"Share a Smile’ campaign and was the part of the global brand campaign known as â€Å"Hello Tomorrow† launched in April 2012. The ads featured crew members of Emirates who were expressing unusual greetings and expressions from all over the world. The â€Å"Share a Smile† campaign not only created communication of linguistic skills among the multilingual crew and international crew it also helped in building cultural understanding in a light- hearted way among st travellers (Kimberley, 2013). Task 3.2: Problems faced in communication process and ways to improve it The goal of advertising is not only to alter the demand curve but also to shift the curve upward and to the right. For an industry it means that it either brings in new customers in to the market or encourages the existing customers to use the service more frequently whenever needed. For an airline, the demand can increase if the passengers of competitors shift to their airlines (Kraft, 2003). This results in competitive advertising where all the airline companies are advertising to retain their market share. Some airline companies’ gives stress upon the reliability, comfort and convenience of air travel and some purely gives stress on the non-existent advantage that they have (Van, 2012). The advertisements in Facebook and the animated ads are provided by Emirates to give travelers specific information about the scheduling and the price. Though the advertisements in Face book and the animated ads attracted customers to the carrier but it failed to achieve success in long term because of the problem faced by Emirates (Shearman, 2011).The problems that are faced in the

Employment Resourcing Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Employment Resourcing - Coursework Example It is one of the most prestigious awards in the hospitality industry and was awarded to the Taj Group in 2002 for the best practices in employment resourcing found in the hospitality industry. The management formulated the Taj People Philosophy (TPP) which incorporated the strategies implemented in employment resourcing. The key components of employment resourcing The management at the Taj Group recognized that employees were the company’s most important assets. In alignment with this prioritizing, the management formulated the TPP. This philosophy provides a framework in which the strategies in employment resourcing can be aligned to the strategies focus of the company, which is to provide the best customer service in the industry. Unless the employees are motivated to work for the company, they will not be willing to put their best efforts forward in providing the best possible customer service in the industry. Therefore the management has to pay attention to the fact that t he organizational objectives related to customer service are aligned to the employment objectives of providing the best workplace for the employees to work in. ... For example, the employees accumulated points for their acts of kindness and hospitality. Employees who gained the highest points reached the highest level. The STARS program motivated the employees to perform to the highest level possible so that they could gain the points to reach the higher levels of recognition. This program acted as a motivational tool for the employees to go beyond their usual duties and responsibilities and provide extra care in customer service. As a result the company attained enhanced service standards which enabled the company to generate repeat customers. The STARS program serves to illustrate that strategies in employment resourcing can lead to a sustainable competitive advantage from building a loyal customer base. The strategies of employment resourcing motivate the employees to perform to a higher level, thus enhancing the reputation of the company. The Taj Group also implemented the Balanced Scorecard System. This was a performance management system which was implemented even at the lowest levels of the organizational hierarchy. This performance management system enabled the employees to perceive how their work was linked to the strategic focus of the company. As a result the employees were able to take their own initiatives in enhancing the service standards. Because the employees were motivated to improve their own performance, the management could lower spending in formulating training and development programs. This was a positive outcome from employment resourcing because it is difficult to estimate the return on investment in training and development programs. Therefore the management’s objective is to minimize spending in training and development since the return from this spending is difficult to quantify. The

Receptor Activator of NK-κB for Tumor Cells

Receptor Activator of NK-ÃŽ ºB for Tumor Cells Introduction Cancers figure among the leading causes of death worldwide, accounting for 8.2 million deaths in 2012 .Lung, liver, stomach, colorectal and breast cancers cause the most cancer deaths each year. It is expected that annual cancer cases will rise from 14 million in 2012 to 22 within the next two decades Over the past several years, proteolytic cleavage and release of the ectodomain of membrane-bound proteins, also referred to as ectodomain shedding, has emerged as an important posttranslational regulatory mechanism for modifying the function of cell surface proteins. The cleavage of RANK should decrease its availability on osteoclasts and their precursors and simultaneously generate soluble decoy receptors that may inhibit the RANKL–RANK association and their by NFkB signaling[27] It was previously demonstrated that tumor cells express RANK and activate RANKL-RANK pathway. The RANK/RANKL axis emerges as a key regulator of breast cancer initiation, progression and metastasis. In addition, RANKL can protect breast cancer cells from apoptosis in response to DNA damage, as well as control the self-renewal and anchorage-independent growth of tumor initiating cells [13]. In a recent study it’s demonstrated that NK-ÃŽ ºB Signaling could be blocked by Enterokinase by cleavage of RANK (Receptor Activator of NK-ÃŽ ºB), suggests its possible application in treating diseases like Osteoporosis, cancer and diseases associated with bone loss [14]. Enterospeptidase could specifically cleave RANK on the sequence NEEDK was demonstrated by a surrogate peptide blocking assay [28] Enteropeptidase All animals need to digest exogenous macromolecules without destroying similar endogenous constituents. The regulation of digestive enzymes is, therefore, a fundamental requirement. Vertebrates have solved this problem, in part, by using a two-step enzymatic cascade to convert pancreatic zymogens to active enzymes in the lumen of the gut. Enteropeptidase (synonym: enterokinase [E.C.3.4.21.9]) is aglycoprotein enzymeof the digestive tract was discovered, by N. P. Schepovalnikow in 1899 in Russia (Walther 1900), as a element that is present in the duodenum and which can capable of activating pancreatic juice to digest fibrin. Enteropeptidase converts trypsinogen (a zymogen) convert into its active form trypsin by enteropeptidase, with selective cleavage of 6-Lys-|-Ile-7 bond which causes subsequent activation of digestive enzymes in pancreatic secretions. Subsequent activation of trypsin,it cleaves and activates other zymogens in pancreatic secretions,including chymotrypsinogen, proelastase, procarboxypeptidases, and some prolipases [1] In almost all vertebrate species, a short trypsinogen activation peptide is released that terminates with the sequence Asp-Asp-Asp-Asp-Lys(DDDK) (2). except for the similar sequences of trypsinogens from lungfish (IEEDK and LEDDK) and African clawed frog (FDDDK). The unique enteropeptidase substrate specificity has been exploited in protein engineering. The enteropepetidase recognizing sequence DDDDK↓I is often used in recombinant proteins that necessitate specific cleavage.Enteropeptidases specificity for its recognizing sequence makes it an ideal tool in biochemical applications; following protein purification enteropeptidase can cleave a fusion protein containing a C-terminal tag (such as poly-His) linked by this sequence to obtain the target protein 1.1 Enteropeptidase 1.1.1 Enteropeptidase expression: Enterokinase is believed to be Exclusively produced in the brush border by enterocytes and goblet cells of the duodenal mucosa, the enteropeptidase is ubiquitously distributed among vertebrates (Eggermont et al., 1971a,b; Rinderknecht, 1986; Mithoshi et al., 1990). It secreted in to the small intestine. It lacks in crypts but found substantialiy in villous enterocytes and maximal in the upper half of the villi, partucilarly on the brush border. enteropeptidaseis secreted from glands following the entry of swallowed food passing from the intestin. It resists destruction from the various enzymes in the small intestine but is destroyed by bacteria in the large intestine. It has been purified from several sources including porcine (Barrati et al., 1973), bovine (Anderson et al.; Liepnieks and Light, 1979), human (Kitamoto et al., 1995), murine (Yang et al., 1998) and rat intestine (Yahagi et al., 1996). In all cases the protease seems to be expressed as a single-chain precursor, which must be cleaved to achieve the native disulfide-linked heterodimer, in the case of human enteropeptidase consisting of an 86 kDa heavy chain and a 28 kDa light chain. Most of the structural elements are highly conserved, especially between human, bovine and porcine enteropeptidase, which share more than 80% identity in their amino acid sequences. The heavy chain, which contains various domains including membranespanning hydrophobic membrane anchors, several receptorlike motifs and up to 10 intramolecular disulfide bridges, is responsible for specific macromolecular substrate recognition (Lu et al., 1997; Mikhailova et al., 2007). The light chain is connected to the heavy chain via one disulfide e bridge and contains the classical catalytic triad (His57, Asp102 and Ser195 in chymotrypsin numbering) with up to four intramolecular  disulfide bridges. The small and catalytically active light chain offers especially high potential for biotechnological applications, and several attempts to understand and improve the functionality of this protease have been made (Lu et al., 1999; Liew et al., 2007; Shahravan et al., 2008). et al., 2004), Lu et al. (1997) have determined the crystal structure of a bovine light chain complex with a trypsinogen activation peptide analogue at a resolution of 2.3 A  ° . Human enteropeptidase has been recombinantly expressed in E.coli by Gasparian et al. (2003), although this resulted in insoluble aggregates and no crystal structure has yet been reported. The subsequent refolding via 6 M guanidinium chloride resulted in a total refolding yield of 2% after two cycles of renaturation. Enteropeptidase is serine protease it’s a heterodimer of a multidomain heavy chain and a catalytic light chain linked by a disulfide bond . Enteropeptidase anchored to intestinal brush border of duodenal enterocytes by a transmem brane segment in the a 82–140 kDa heavy chain and a 35–62 kDa light chain which consist the catalytic subunit. Replacement of the transmembrane domain by a cleavable signal peptide does not impair trypsinogen activation, indicating that membrane association is not  required for substrate recognition (Lu et al., 1997)..[3]Enteropeptidase is a part of the  chymotrypsin-group of serine proteases, and is structurally resemble to these proteins.[4] 1.1.2. Enteropeptidase gene ontology: In humans, PRSS7 gene (also known as ENTK) encodes enteropeptidase enzyme on chromosome 21q21. The gene spans ~90-kb in length and has 25 exons .Enteropeptidase mRNA is expressed majorly in the duodenum and, at poor levels, in the proximal section of jejunum. The human enteropeptidase cDNA open reading frame of encodes a 1019 amino acids Type II transmembrane protein with a calculated mass of 113kDa and with particularly 17 potential N-linked glycosylation sites. Few frameshift and nonsense mutations in this gene lead to a rare recessive condition characterized by severe failure to thrive in affected newborns, because of enteropeptidase deficiency.[6] Conversely, duodenopancreatic reflux of proteolytically active enteropeptidase may cause acute and chronic pancreatitis. 1.1.4 Structure Bovine enteropeptidase is synthesized as a single-chain precursor of 1035 amino acid residues (5) that appears to require proteolytic activation, suggesting that enteropeptidase may not be the â€Å"first† protease of the digestive hydrolase cascade. Active enteropeptidase has been cleaved after Arg-800 to produce a disulfide-linked heterodimer with an amino-terminal 120-kDa heavy chain and a 47-kDa light chain; 40% of the actual mass of these polypeptides is due to glycosylation (6, 7). The deduced amino acid sequences suggested that from a single-chain precursor, active two-chain enteropepetidase is derived. A potential sigal-anchor (SA) sequence near the amino terminus mediates membrane association of enter peptidase in intestine. The amino-terminal heavy chain consist the domains that are homologous to sections of the low density lipoprotein receptor(LDLR), two repeats found in complement serine proteases C1r and C1s, a MAM domain (so named for similar motifs first identified in the metalloprotease meprin, the Xenopus laevis neuronal recognition proteinA5, and protein-tyrosine phosphatase Mu), and a macrophage scavenger receptor cysteine-rich repeat ( MSCR). The light chain is a typical chymotrypsin-like serine protease. The activation cleavage site between the heavy and light chains has the sequence Val-Ser-Pro-Lys2Ile, which might be recognized by trypsin or other trypsin-like proteases. The carboxyl-terminal catalytic light chain is homologous to the class of trypsin-like serine proteases. Therefore, enteropeptidase is a mosaic protein with a complex evolutionary history. The enteropeptidase light chain amino acid sequence surrounding the amino terminus is ITPK-IVGG (human) or VSPK-IVGG (bovine), supporting that unidentified trypsin-like protease that cleaves Lys-fle bond to activate single-chain enteropeptidase.Therefore, enterokinase may not be the first enzyme of the cascade of intestinal digestive hydrolases. Enteropeptidase specificity for the DDDDK-I sequence of trpsinogen may be described by complementary basic-amino acid residues grouped in potential S2-S5 subsites. 1.1.3 enterokinase deficiency Therefore, enterokinase has been recognized to play a key role in regulating intestinal protein digestion. Certainly, patients with primary enterokinase deficiency, a genetic disorder with little or no enterokinase activity in the duodenum, have been reported to suffer from malabsorption and malnutrition, predominantly in infancy, and need to take drugs containing pancreatic enzyme mixture for recovery [2]. Because of its physiological importance, there have been a number of studies on the purification and characterization of enterokinase from various species [3-9] 1.1.5  Applications Entero kinase as Biotechnology tool Protein purification is frequently aided by use of protein tags: therefore, fusion proteins or chimeric proteins produced by recombinant DNA technology are utilized in the forefront of protein science research for applications as various as vaccine development, biochemical purification, immunodetection, functional genomics, analysis of protein trafficking, protein therapies, and analyses of protein– nucleic acid or protein–protein interactions (Beckwith 2000). In structural biology, where milligram amounts of homogeneous protein sample are generally required, the most common usefulness of chimeras participates in the separation of the fusion protein from the cell lysate by affinity chromatography. The most common affinity tags include E. coli thioredoxin (TRX; LaVallie et al. 2000),the hexa-histidine (His-tag; Bornhorst and Falke 2000), Schistosoma japonicum glutathione-S-transferase (GST; Smith 2000), Escherichia coli maltose-binding  protein (MBP; Sachdev and Chirgw in 2000)and avidin/streptavidin Strep tags (Skerra and Schmidt 2000). A number of other tags have also been developed (Stevens 2000). To produce crystals of a protein of interest to study its structure such as X-ray diffraction studies, bulky-affinity tags, such as MBP or GST, are generally removed using site-specific proteases in the engineered linker region, followed by purification to isolate the protein of interest from the affinity tag fusion protein and the used protease . However, certain problems may be faced during the cleavage step, including failure to recover active or structurally intact protein, high price of proteases (e.g., factor Xa and enterokinase),low yield, precipitation of the target protein or tedious optimization of cleavage conditions. Recent estimates indicate using a His-tag, maybe one-third to one-half of all proteins of prokaryotes cannot be overexpressed in bacteria as a soluble form (Edwards et al. 2000; Stevens 2000). This number is may higher for eukaryotic proteins, indicated by three latest high throughput studies (Braun et al. 2002; Hammarstrom et al. 2002; Shih et al. 2002), specifically bigger multi domain proteins. In E. coli, if the problem of insoluble expression of the His-tagged protein is faced, one or more of the following options are usually explored: varying culture growth conditions, chaperones co-expression, altering cell lines, or changing to a different affinity tag such as, TRX, MBP, GST or NusA Apart from affinity purification, the large-affinity tags offer numerous advantages. In a recent report, compared to the His-tag expression, TRX and MBP improved the solubility and expression of a set of 32, less than 20 kD small human of proteins in E. coli (Hammarstrom et al. 2002). For the sets of 32 larger human proteins (17–158kD; Braun et al. 2002) and 40 proteins of eukaryotes (9–100 kD; Shih et al. 2002), the large-affinity tags MBP (40 kD), NusA (54 kD), and GST (26 kD) were shown to be helpful in enhabcing the yield of soluble protein. One of the significant features of enteropeptidase is its exclusive substrate specificity, which recognizes Lys at P1 and a group of four Asp amino acid at P2-P5. Within this recognition sequence, a Lys or Arg residue at P1 and Lys residues at P2 and P3 seems to be highly essential for efficient cleavage (87). The structural factors for enteropeptidase substrate specificity have been contained in its catalytic light chain. There is a cluster of four conserved basic residues, R/KRRK at sites 96–99, which were assumed to interact with the acidic P2-P5 residues in the trypsinogen activation spot (74). Lys99 residue was found to have extensive contacts with the P2 and P4 Asp residues indicated in crystal structure of enteropeptidase light chain of bovine, (22). Lys99 amino acid is conserved in enteropeptidase from various species. Substitution of Lys99 with Alanine by site directed mutagenesis blocked enteropeptidase from activating trypsinogen. In compare, Lys96, Arg97 substituti on, and Arg98 residues on activity of bovine enteropeptidase had less significant effects (22). The exclusive enteropeptidase specificity for its substrate has been exploited in protein engineering. The DDDDK↓I sequence is ofen used in recombinant proteins where specific cleavage is required. Enteropeptidase has a high potential as a fusion protein cleavage reagent, because of high specificity for the amino-acid sequence (Asp) 4Lys,. An important benefit of enteropeptidase is that no crucial specificity residues are positioned on the C-terminal side of the scissile bond in its recognition site .Accordingly, when an affinity tag is linked to N-terminus the protein of interest,in maximum cases enteropeptidase is able to produce a digestion product with a native N-terminus. A study inspecting the significance of the P1–P5 positions concluded that the P1 lysine was the most important specificity element, followed by the aspartate amino acids in the P2, P3, P5 and P4 positions, respectively, with the latter position donating very little to specificity In an effort to improve the utility of enteropeptidase for processing fusion proteins and to better understand its structure and function Activating Proteses The N-terminal pro-sequence of proteases which must be cleaved prior to activation can be mutated to enable activation with enteropeptidase.[7] Target for Obesity Treatment Congenital enteropeptidase deficiency now days attracted attention as a novel target for obesity Treatment, among the identified genetic diseases related with starvation human phenotype, Obesity is a complex metabolic disorder, in which various environmental factors and several genes are involved [1], [2]. Previous research targeting to develop drugs for treatment of obesity and type II diabetes has targeted genes that are linked with a fat human phenotype. Certainly, substantial work has been dedicated to participates developing drugs against these so called â€Å"obesity genes,† all of which are, directly or indirectly, in energy controlling; e.g., control of appetite, energy generation; carbohydrate and protein metabolisms, satiety, or thermogenesis, fatty acid, etc. [3], [4]. However, in humans, obesity is hardly attributable to the role of a single gene (wild or mutated). Additionally, the high redundancy of genes participates in energy management makes it unlikely that obesity will ever be controlled by affecting just one gene The foregoing proposes that EP activity may aid as selective and competent target for metabolic disorders treatment. While complete of blocking enteropeptidase would cause the unwanted side effects observed in patients affected by CEP, partial inhibition should reduce the efficacy of energy absorption through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. A 15–20% decrease in the daily absorption of deriving energy from both fatty acids and proteins should have a major influence on long-term weight controlling, and it should be an extra effective weight-control measure than a treatment centered only on pancreatic lipase inhibitors such as Alli or Xenical. It should be noted that these drugs endorse the buildup of undigested lipids in the intestinal tract, causing in leaky stool and diarrhea. An additional benefit of partial enteropeptidase inhibition is that the combination of undigested proteins and lipids would be more reliable than just fat, debatably fading or suppressing the above unpl easant effects.

Capital Punishment Essay -- Death Penalty

Capital Punishment is the legal infliction of the death penalty. In the United States capital punishment is legal in thirty-nine of the fifty states. Beginning in 1973, prison populations began an inevitable growth. There were 204,211 inmates in 1973, and by 1977 the number of prisoners had grown to 285,456, which later grew to 315,974 in 1980. By 1976, it was clear that the death penalty had to be reinstated. America’s experiment with capital punishment has resulted in a total of 944 executions, fifty-nine of which took place in 2003. Every year about 15,000 killers are charged and only about 300 wind up on death row. The death row population is constantly increasing. It is now more than 3,000. Because of constant appeals, it takes a person on death row typically between five to eight years to finally get executed. To kill all the prisoners on death row, it is estimated that it would take two executions a day for seven years. Crimes such as aiding in suicide, causing a boat collision resulting in death, forced marriage, procuring an abortion resulting in the death of the mother, espionage, castrating another, rape, homicide, child molesting resulting in death and conspiracy to kidnap for ransom among many others are, in some states, crimes that are punishable by death. What the law permits, however, is not always used by the courts or the executive authorities. Most executions are a result of a murder or rape, and a small number for robbery, kidnapping, burglary, aggravated assault and espionage. In the US, the death penalty is currently authorized in one of five ways: hanging, which has been the traditional method of execution throughout the English-speaking world; electrocution, which was introduced by New York S... ...ting crimes. A sweeping sixty percent don’t think that vengeance is a legitimate reason for killing a murderer. Many court decisions of the 1980s and early 1990s have lowered bars to executions. In 1986 the Court ruled that opponents of executions may be barred from juries in murder cases. The following year the Court ruled that the law may be applied to accomplices in crimes that led to murder, then rejected a challenge to capital punishment based on statistics that indicated racial bias in sentencing. In separate decisions in 1989 the Court decided that the death penalty could be applied to those who were mentally retarded or who were underage, but at least 16, at the time of the murder. In the early 1990s the trend of Supreme Court rulings was to cut back on the appeals that Death Row inmates could make to the federal courts. Capital Punishment Essay -- Death Penalty Capital Punishment is the legal infliction of the death penalty. In the United States capital punishment is legal in thirty-nine of the fifty states. Beginning in 1973, prison populations began an inevitable growth. There were 204,211 inmates in 1973, and by 1977 the number of prisoners had grown to 285,456, which later grew to 315,974 in 1980. By 1976, it was clear that the death penalty had to be reinstated. America’s experiment with capital punishment has resulted in a total of 944 executions, fifty-nine of which took place in 2003. Every year about 15,000 killers are charged and only about 300 wind up on death row. The death row population is constantly increasing. It is now more than 3,000. Because of constant appeals, it takes a person on death row typically between five to eight years to finally get executed. To kill all the prisoners on death row, it is estimated that it would take two executions a day for seven years. Crimes such as aiding in suicide, causing a boat collision resulting in death, forced marriage, procuring an abortion resulting in the death of the mother, espionage, castrating another, rape, homicide, child molesting resulting in death and conspiracy to kidnap for ransom among many others are, in some states, crimes that are punishable by death. What the law permits, however, is not always used by the courts or the executive authorities. Most executions are a result of a murder or rape, and a small number for robbery, kidnapping, burglary, aggravated assault and espionage. In the US, the death penalty is currently authorized in one of five ways: hanging, which has been the traditional method of execution throughout the English-speaking world; electrocution, which was introduced by New York S... ...ting crimes. A sweeping sixty percent don’t think that vengeance is a legitimate reason for killing a murderer. Many court decisions of the 1980s and early 1990s have lowered bars to executions. In 1986 the Court ruled that opponents of executions may be barred from juries in murder cases. The following year the Court ruled that the law may be applied to accomplices in crimes that led to murder, then rejected a challenge to capital punishment based on statistics that indicated racial bias in sentencing. In separate decisions in 1989 the Court decided that the death penalty could be applied to those who were mentally retarded or who were underage, but at least 16, at the time of the murder. In the early 1990s the trend of Supreme Court rulings was to cut back on the appeals that Death Row inmates could make to the federal courts.

Post-Compulsory Education and Training Essay

* Learning Objectives Justify your choice by reference to the cohort analysis, scheme of work and the assessment schedule.LO1 – To be introduced to the meaning of Autism and Asperger’s syndrome, and compare and contrast the difference between the two conditions.LO2 – After watching a video, all learners will be able to discuss the triad of impairments linked with autism.LO3 – All learners will be introduced to the term ‘Theory of Mind’ and how this develops in children.LO4 – All learners will be able to identify the key components of The Sally Anne study. Most learners will able to summarise its strengths and weaknesses in supporting Theory of Mind.LO5 – Most learners will correctly answer an OCR past paper exam question on Baron-Cohen.LO6 – All learners will consolidate their learning with an interactive plenary on the topic covered in today’s session.The aims and objectives in this lesson were chosen in order to r elate to OCR Psychology (3.2 AS Unit G542: Core Studies) Allowing the students to be aware of this link to the assessment criteria will keep them motivated, and give their learning purpose to aim for a long term goal. The Learning Objectives have been differentiated to allow for learning to take place at all levels, and to allow for inclusion for all, despite the fact that candidates may have difficulties i.e. one learner has Asperger’s syndrome, and another has dyspraxia. These objectives will be achieved using all 3 VAK learning styles.(Honey and Mumford 1992)The learning objectives are differentiated and specific, measureable, achievable, realistic and timely (SMART) to ensure accessibility (Wallace, 2011) * Teaching and Learning Activities Justify your choice of methods and resources to be used by matching them against learning objectives using reasons and evidence from appropriate models of learning. The teaching and learning activities for this session have been designed to introduce a new topic in Psychology, Core Studies. As this is an introductory lesson to a topic, I have prepared learning activities which are accessible to all the learners, to ensure that nobody is excluded at any time. (Wallace 2005) All activities are varied to accommodate all levels and learning styles (VAK) as pupils are often a combination of visual, audio and kinaesthetic. (Claxton 2002)I will promote inclusiveness during the session by having a list of key words if at any point they are unsure; have specific instruction written down as well as reading them out. Hand-outs will be given out with a choice of colour, and supporting any learners one to one where necessary. I intend to keep learners motivated by making everyone feel comfortable and safe in the classroom environment, ensuring a sense of belonging and to meet all learners self-esteem needs encouraging praise and independence where necessary and promote optimism so that all students are self-actualised (Maslow 1908-1970) Ensuring the humanistic learning theory is addressed, I will allow drinks of water when necessary, and provide fairness and equality for all learners. (Disability and Equality Act 2010)Room set-up- Arrange the tables into groups. This will encourage all learners to get involved (every learner matters) and to make sure that no learner is seated with their back to me and that I am not sitting behind a desk as this creates a physical barrier between the teacher and learner and encourages eye contact. (Wallace 2007)Questioning- Non directed questions will be asked at the beginning of the session to assess prior knowledge, which will be demonstrated through a thought-shower on the board (visual and auditory). Through-out the session the questions will become directed and scaffolded (Bruner, cited in Jarvis 2004) to assist in gaining knowledge and answers from learners.When asking questions, use learners names your and prior knowledge of their ability and personality (as I have never taugh t this class before, they have been given name stickers) This ensures that learners feel valued and supported. (Keeley-Browne 2007)Pre-starter – I have included a pre-starter activity, as with it being a 3pm class, students can often come in lethargic and unmotivated. They often need some immediate stimulation, to wake them up and encourage a productive lesson.Starter – We will create a though shower (visual) on the board to assess prior knowledge of this new topic being covered, and it gives the learners ownership of their own work, as their input is what gets written on the board. Prior learning experiences have the potential to enhance or interfere with new learning’ (Knox, 1997)Main Learning Process – The majority of the lesson is based around PowerPoint slides, videos and group discussion/work. This ensures that all three domains of learning are being addressed – cognitive (thinking in their groups and whilst listening to the presentation), affective (feeling how autistic people may feel after watchi ng the video clips), and psychomotor (applying their knowledge in a hands on task) (Bloom et al, 1971) This adopts VAK learning styles. Everyone benefits from using a wide variety of styles also known as whole brain learning. (Coffield et al 2004) When learners make an interesting observation/ comment, or get an answer correct, it is vital to give them praise. Many learners in sixth form can have low self-esteem; therefore giving out praise when warranted can enhance their feeling of self-worth and competence by acknowledging their qualities and strengths (Vizard 2007.)Group Work – Group work can be a largely effective way of learning, taking strengths from each individual and combining it for model answers. In this session, learners will be split up into groups for part of the task, ‘As well as being an enjoyable activity in itself, this provides huge opportunities for learning. It requires that learners process the new material and make personal sense of it.’ (Petty 2009) From the cohort analysis, I am aware of who works well and encourages/motivates each other. The learners are aware of this themselves, and usually sit with the people/person they work well with. If people are distracted then I will take action by changing the group dynamics. In their groups they will discuss one of the triad of impairments from their prior knowledge and information given on a video. This shows that they can apply the knowledge they have gained the thought shower and video into a new situation. (Blooms Taxonomy – application of knowledge.) Once they have completed their group work, they will now share and discuss their ideas with the rest of the class, by sticking their A3 sheet of ideas on the board. (Think, pair, share.)Hand-out- All work sheets are on coloured paper (if possible), which aids any dyslexic learners without them standing out, as the whole class will have the same colours. ‘Everyone who can benefit from further education should be able to participate’ (John Tomlinson 1996) The PowerPoint presentation will be accessible on Moodle for future reference and revision purposes.Assessment for Learning- A past paper question will be asked in order to assess their level of understanding from the lesson. They will complete the question under exam conditions (no notes or talking, and timed) and peer mark the question. They will be given feedback on which is a model answer, and which isn’t sufficient, and I will collect in and monitor progress. It is imperative feedback is given (Black & William, 1998).Plenary- All learners will participate in an interactive activity to assess and ensure learning has taken place (formative assessment.) Looking at the cohort analysis, and after a couple of lessons observing this group, I have noticed they work well as a whole class and enjoy interactive plenaries. The Deal or No Deal task will allow learners to gain feedback from the teacher, peers and feedback from themselves as they answer questions. It has been suggested that formative feedback has some of the most positive effects on learners. The greatest effect is on the weakest learners (Black and William, 1998) The group can become a little bit chatty and excitable when completing a group task, therefore I will need to manage the noise levels.Rewarding good behaviour and achievement allows learners to be respected and valued for who they are, how hard they have tried and what they have achieved and build up a mutual and trusting relationship between the teacher and learner, allowing the learner to feel safe and valued in class. This is expressed as ‘unconditional positive regard’ (Rodgers 1983)Try and make students feel good about themselves, even when you are criticising their work/ answer and trying to guide them onto the right path (two stars and a wish) Articulate the standards you have identified, i.e. elaborate what will actually happen in terms of teaching and learning activities against each standard, Do not just list or re-state the standards you have ticked off.You may group related standards together where they are addressed through one activity.Standard(s): AP 4.1 Use relevant theories of learning to support the development of practice in learning and teaching.Articulation: Use of Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. Proving a safe and comfortable learning environment, using praise to build up self- esteem on order to achieve self-actualisation. Blooms Taxonomy was also used applying the knowledge from the video clips and PowerPoint in the session to the group work on The Triad of Impairments.Standard(s): AP 4.2 Reflect on and demonstrate commitment to improvement of own personal and teaching skills through regular evaluation and use of feedbackArticulation: I write a reflection after every taught session. I plan to use De Bonos Thinking Hats after this session, using the feedback gained on the scales given to the class at the beginning and the end of the session.Standards(s): AP 6.2 Demonstrate good practice through maintaining a learning environment which conforms to statutory requirements and promotes equality, including appropriate consideration of the needs of children, young people and vulnerable adults.Articulation: This lesson meets the statutory requirements of a teacher required by Cronton Sixth Form College, meets the requirements of the examining body. The lesson filly includes all learners, and the cohort analysis has allowed me to be aware of individual needs and requirements.Standard(s): BP 1.1 Establish a purposeful learning environment where learners feel safe, secure, confident and valued. Articulation: Again this links to Abraham Maslows ‘hierarchy of needs’, providing a safe classroom environment, allowing for students to pass through all the stages to become self-actualised. Applying Rodgers ‘unconditional positive regard’ throughout the session, rewarding and praising good behaviour will allow for learners to feel valued and respected. Standard(s): BP 2.1 Provide learning activities which meet curriculum requirements and the needs of all learners. Articulation: The aims and objectives in this lesson were chosen in order to relate to OCR Psychology (3.2 AS Unit G542: Core Studies)The Learning Objectives are all differentiated, which will meet all learners various needs so ensure learning takes place. This links into Every Learner Matters.Standard(s): BP 2.4 Apply flexible and varied delivery methods as appropriate to teaching and learning practice.Articulation: There are many different delivery methods used for learning in this session, allowing for all types of learners to learn and achieve (VAK.) Such methods used are throughout the session are thought showers, questioning, practical hands-on activity, video clips, group work, peer assessment an interactive assessment activity.Standards(s): BP 3.1 Communicate effectively and appropriately using different forms of language and media, including written, oral and non-verbal communication, and new and emerging technologies to enhance learningArticulation: I will use various forms of communication during the session. Using theory on paralanguage to ensure my body language is open, e.g. no folded arms, eye contact and make sure I circulate the room so everybody feels included. I will have a steady pace, clarity and tone in my discussion and instruction (behaviourist). All meta-language used is listed on a key terms sheet to help with meaning of words, and the PowerPoint is clear and concise. I have implemented video clips on PowerPoint to keep up with emerging technologies, as oppose to me talking all of the time. This breaks up the lesson into chunks (cognitive theory) which makes them gain fulfilment and enjoyment out of the tasks (humanism)Standard(s): BP 3.3 Structure and present information clearly and effectively.Articulation: All information is presented on a PowerPoint, on hand outs and also read out so that it is clear for all students and their learning style. The lesson is all structured, differentiated and timed to allow for learning to take place in all learners. The presentation (including video clips) will be made available on Moodle for future reference and revision purposes.Standards(s): BP 5.1 Select and develop a range of effective resources, including appropriate use of new and emerging technologies.Articulation: The resources chosen for this session are varied in learning styles (VAK) and include all 3 theories of learning to ensure the lesson appeals to all, and doesn’t get monotonous. There is a PowerPoint presentation, group work, key words hand-out, a booklet to fill in whilst being accompanies by new and emerging ICT technologies. This includes video clips in the PowerPoint and an interactive Deal or No Deal Plenary.Standards(s): CP 1.1 Ensure that knowledge of own specialist area is current and appropriate to the teaching context.Articulation: I have ensured my knowledge of the topic autism is totally up to date and current. Figures and facts change yearly, so it is important to keep up to date. I have broken down my knowledge of Psychology from my degree to A level standard, so it can be inclusive to all learners, whilst still capable of stretching and challenging the more able learners.Standards(s): DP 1.2 Plan teaching sessions which meet the aims and needs of individual learners and groups, using a variety of resources, including new and emerging technologiesArticulation: This session meets the aims of the curriculum for this module, meets the schemes of work and is differentiated so that it is inclusive to all learners in this cohort (from Aspergers syndrome through to gifted and talented student). The resources compliment the plan and are varied in learning style and theory, whilst adopting new technology methods, such as interactive games for plenary in formative assessment.Standards(s): EP 1.3 Develop, establish and promote peer and self-assessment tools, including where appropriate, those which exploit new and emerging technologies. Articulation: This lesson will consist of them self-assessing their initial knowledge of autism, whilst continually self-assessing through the lesson. I will reinforce this with praise at correct answers and good feedback, and guide it through direct and non-directed questioning. Peer assessment will take place during the formative assessment (past paper questioning) Standard(s): EP 2.1 Apply appropriate methods of assessment fairly and effectively.Articulation: Directed and non-directed questioning is used; giving learners at all levels the opportunity to participate in the lesson. The Deal or No Deal formative assessment task allows all learne rs to participate, and makes assessing what they have learnt interactive and fun.

Sex and Violence in Romeo and Juliet

â€Å"I fear this but a dream, too sweet to be substantial,† are the soft words uttered from star-crossed lovers caught in the chaotic instability that permeates Franco Zeffirilli’s Romeo and Juliet (1968), Baz Lurman’s Romeo + Juliet (1996), and John Madden’s Shakespear and Love (1998). Although there are significant differences in each movie’s portrayal of Juliet and her Romeo, they accurately depict Freud’s ideas concerning love and human tendencies. In â€Å"The Einstein-Freud Correspondence,† Freud explains that in nature, violence rules everywhere. Einstein questions mankind’s lust for destruction and Freud affirms that man has two basic instincts: sex and violence. The constant state of instability and antagonism between humankind in nature makes peace unavoidable. In the case of Romeo and Juliet, love can attempt to rebel against the specter of war, but it is always beaten down. Tragically, Romeo and Juliet’s love is inextricably entwined with the aggression that plagues their feuding families. Both Romeo and Juliet try to fight the hostility with love, but all psychical acts (according to Freud) occur in an atmosphere of constraint, and the tension between one’s impulses, and what society will allow, creates an unavoidable instability. Each movie is an interesting interpretation of Shakespeare’s masterpiece; however, Zeffirilli’s Romeo and Juliet is the best representation of true love and human tendencies. Though extremely witty and entertaining, Madden’s Shakespeare in Love does not represent true love and human nature. One of Madden’s central devices is to create a background of events, large and small, drawn from Will Shakespeare's daily life. For example, in the opening scenes Madden shows Will strolling through town hearing lines shouted out from town criers such as â€Å"a plague on both your houses! † Moreover, Madden poses Will as at a loss for inspiration. Hence, William gets the foundations of his next play (Romeo and Juliet) from a chance encounter with a rival poet. Madden’s use of time and space is key to the progression of Will’s character. The events in the queen’s quarters, the tensions between the two playhouses, and the auditions for Will’s new play set up the meeting for the beautiful Viola. Madden creates a real narrative outside the realm of the story of Romeo and Juliet which explains how the masterpiece came to be. For example, the battle between two playhouses, The Rose and The Curtain, is transformed into the feud between the two noble houses of Montague and Capulet in imaginary Verona. Another interesting theme is the idea of chaos. In numerous moments it seems all will be lost, but as Henslow says several times when asked how everything will work it, he answers, â€Å"I don’t know, it’s a mystery. † Among the chaos, Will’s love and inspiration for fair Viola is the fuel that keeps the fire burning. In other words, Romeo and Juliet's modern adapters direct the spectator's attention to what might have been the inspiration for Shakespeare’s work. Nevertheless, with love, comes violence (as mentioned above). What produces the lovers' calamity is the depth of their feelings. The truth is, even in a world built on such unfavorable foundations, it should take much more to destroy love. William’s and Viola’s love, on the other hand, is not the best testament to true love. It proves much weaker than the civilization. In the final scenes, the queen decrees Viola leave with her husband. Society succeeds in oppressing their love without resistance. If their love were true, they would fight with every last breath to be together. Lurhman’s Romeo + Juliet, like Madden’s Shakespeare and Love, falls short of true love as well. Unlike Zeffirilli, Lurhman set out with the intention of making a modern day Romeo and Juliet with great success. He plays brilliantly with love in relation to time and nature. He toys with time in the opening gang warfare scene, playing the typical montage introduction of the players through a series of speedy zooms that isolate, in turn, the important characters on screen. His use of color and chaos is perfectly representative of Freud’s ideas concerning constant instability. Not only that, but his choice in music creates dramatic setting. The movie itself has numerous speed-up moments but is slowed down in critical scenes to allow viewers to soak up every bit of information. For example, the fight scene is particularly profound. Tasteful music backs the thunder, clouds, and darkness that envelope the screen as Mercutio dies. It is a perfect example of nature coming in and playing a role in the movie. Lurhman does an amazing job with his timing because he allows the viewer to slow down and soak every drop of the scene. One of the most important misreadings of Romeo + Juliet occurs during Mercutio’s Queen Mab speech. Normally interpreted as the drunken improvisation of a jesting wit in relation to dreams, here Mercutio is speaking about the drug ecstasy. Playing to modern times, Lurhman has Romeo take the ecstasy before heading to the Capulet ball. The meeting scene between Romeo and Juliet is thus overshadowed by the fact that Romeo has just taken a drug that inspires enormous amounts of pleasure. Consequently, the implication is that the relationship is founded on artificial feelings. One could argue that Romeo washes away the effects of the drugs in the sink prior to the Juliet-aquarium meeting, but ecstasy does not wear off that easily. True, the rest of the movie holds fast to the love tragedy that is Romeo and Juliet, but the drug-induced meeting is questionable in terms of true love. Finally, Zeffirilli’s old Romeo and Juliet is the best example of true love and human nature. Not to mention the style, dialogue, setting, costumes, and music in Zeffirilli’s version are closely related to the themes and feel of Shakespeare’s famous play. From the opening scenes, the viewer is taken into the old world and shown the incredible violence and resentment between the two houses. Within the first ten minutes, the viewers are given a picture of the impermeable violence similar to that which Einstein wished to stop in his correspondence with Freud. Perhaps love could settle the inherent violence that permeates human nature? In the case of Romeo and Juliet, there love cannot, but it is pure and true. The meeting scene between the lovers is one of absolute beauty. Romeo’s playful pursuit of Juliet is simple, yet elegant. The scene commences at the beginning of a serene song by a boy (incredible choice by Zeffirilli) leading up to the first act of aggression: Romeo’s hand touching Juliet’s. Although their love is forbidden by their family names, it continues to grow. Unfortunately, their time and space is limited and the constraint on their bond is too great. Their suffering is due to the fact that they do not understand what love can accomplish. Instead of uniting the families, they cause a fresh slice in an already open wound. However, the reason they never progress and mature in their love is because of the tragedies of civilization and the violence inherent in it (as mentioned above). Hatred among men rages without restraint, and for Romeo, it causes him to kill Tybalt, a newly made family member. Censored wishes of the â€Å"Id† arise up and transform Romeo when he says, â€Å"Take back the villain that thou gavest me, for fire, fury be my conduct now! † The exile and eventual plot to unite the forbidden lovers is thwarted again by time and space. Zeffirilli’s final scenes are wet with tragedy as Romeo passes the donkey on horseback, which has the letter explaining the father’s plan. Finally, Romeo is unable to live without his Juliet because his love for her is something more. She is a part of him and without her; he has no reason to continue breathing. The sum of one lover’s bliss is reliant on the life of his love. If he or she is dead and their love is true, then the lover has no choice but death. Both Einstein and Freud would agree that the Montagues and Capulets (in Zeffirilli’s and Lurman’s masterpieces) represent civilization and human kind’s natural form of aggressiveness. Juliet remarks after the potent â€Å"love-at-first-sight† scene in Romeo and Juliet, â€Å"my only love sprung from my only hate. † The brilliance of the two lovers’ story is the ancient hatred between their families. Conversely, the tragedy of them is that love connects the characters no more to happiness than it does to sorrow, turmoil and murder. Unfortunately, the two young lovers live under the illusion of physical freedom from the duties and constraints of their families/civilization. The hatred between the Montagues and Capulets is deep-rooted and rages on without restraint (much like society today). Romeo and Juliet’s love is eloquent and passionate but without solidity. It cannot hope to combat the aggression plaguing them. Freud states, â€Å"love is†¦best understood clinically as a response to stimuli† (Freud, 524). The issue is that the stimuli are too short lived. However, what is true love? It is the perpetual question that echoes through the corridors of time with answers always varying. Yet love has a correspondence with time. The way it begins, takes shape, and changes is relative to time and space. In each of the movies, the time and space of Romeo and Juliet’s love is portrayed in the background as apposed to the foreground. The visuals, music, and emotion strike at the subconscious, leaving the viewer in awe. Madden, Lurhman, and Zeffirilli create masterpieces that people desire and want to see. In conclusion, Freud would argue the lovers must understand that human consciousness exists in perpetual tension and instability. Not only that, but true love offers complete happiness to the lovers. In his lectures, Freud gives a poem from Goeth’s Westostlicher Diwan as an example of real love: So it is held, so well may be; But down a different track I come; Of all the bliss on earth hold for me I in Zuleika find the sum (Freud, 520). The lovers find the sum of all bliss in each other if their love is true. However, the power and sum of their love does not mean it can combat the nature of violence and society. Each film, respectively, depicts Freud’s ideas on true love and human nature. Though, human nature can be redefined as violence and aggression. Freedom is limited in each one of the Shakespearean films because the tension between one’s impulses and what society will allow creates an inevitable instability. Both Einstein and Freud would agree that try as the fiery lovers might, nature and violence of the instilled houses of Verona will stop there love from flourishing into something greater.

The Reunification of Ancient Egypt under Mentuhotep II essays

The Reunification of Ancient Egypt under Mentuhotep II essays The second half of Pepy IIs ninety-four year reign was rather ineffective, as the forces that had been eroding the theoretical foundations of the Egyptian state became apparent. Since Egyptian kingship was based on the principal of divine kingship, a king whose economic power had been greatly weakened could no longer perform the role Egyptian doctrine had assigned him. The consequences of this for the whole of Egyptian society were serious; the ex officio system of remuneration no longer functioned satisfactorily and the fiscal system was probably on the verge of collapse. (Shaw pg.116) There is no one reason behind the decline and ultimate collapse of the Old Kingdom and unified Egypt. From tracking the direction and magnitude of the Nile, experts have determined that this period in Egyptian history suffered an extremely low amount of flooding. Agriculture along the Nile was dependant upon annual overflowing so rich topsoil from upstream could be deposited onto the parched farmland. When this failed, Egypts entire economic system failed with it. As there could be no real warning before this catastrophe, any preparations would have been useless, and as a result, Egypt suffered a terrible famine. As easy as it may have seemed for nature to shatter Egypt into many independent city-states called nomes, it would never have happened had not Egyptian kingship been so heavily linked to religion. How could anyone cope with their god completely forsaking them? It may be that Egypt didnt suffer from an irreversible economic crisis, but rather a spiritual crisis from which they could not recover. The reunification of Egypt didnt begin taking shape until the Middle Bronze Age. Two distinct empires arose from the ashes of the Old Kingdom. In Upper Egypt, there was Mentuhotep Is 11th Dynasty centered at Thebes, and in Lower Egypt, there was the great Herakleopolitan Empire which made up the 9th/10th Dynast...

Feeding Frenzy Lab Essay Example

Feeding Frenzy Lab Essay Example Feeding Frenzy Lab Essay Feeding Frenzy Lab Essay We will use chemical reagents to test to determine the presence of macromolecules: Benedicts solution for sugar, Iodine for starch, Berets reagent for protein, and Sudan Ill for lipids. If we test buttermilk biscuits for starches, sugars, proteins and lipids then it will test positive for all. If we test potato chips for starches, sugars, proteins and lipids it will then test positive for lipids and starch. If we test peppers for starches, sugars, proteins and lipids then it will test positive for only sugar. If we test sardines for starches, sugars, proteins and lipids then it will only test positive for proteins and lipids. Our hypotheses is based on our knowledge of the four foods we are testing. When available we consulted nutritional provided on food label. The supplies we used are: Safety Goggles, Beakers, Hot Plate, Gloves, Benedicts Solution, a scale that measures grams, Test Tubes, Iodine, Measuring spoon, Test Tube rack, Beirut reagent, Kara Syrup (glucose), Test Tube Rack, Sudan Ill reagent, Laundry Starch, Eye Dropper, Brown Paper Bag, Egg Whites, Glass Stirring Rod, Fork, knife, spoon, Vegetable Oil, Distilled Water, Plastic Cups, Blender, Mortar and pestle, graduated cylinder, deuterium biscuits, potato chips, hot peppers and sardines. Http://www. Stephenson. Coherence/classes/biology/units ) Prefab Brainstorm what foods you want to test and for what macromolecules you AR e testing. 2. Complete the 15 Questions for Investigation. 3. Decide who is going to bring what foods. Hint: lighter color foods yield more a accurate results. ABA 1 . Create positive and negative test controls for each mac romolecule test. A. Lipids Positive Controlling a test tube 4/5 full with vegetable Oil. Pour 10 drops of Sudan Ill into the test tube with the vegetable oil. : Label the test tube as p costive control lipids using masking tape and place in the test tube rack. Negative Controlling a test tube 4/5 full with distilled water. Pour 10 drops of Sudan Ill into the test tube with the water. Label the test tube as en active control lipids using masking tape and place in the test tube rack. A. Sugar Positive Controlling 1 Go of Kara Syrup with mill of distilled water in a beaker. Fill a test tube 4/5 with the solution. Pour 10 drops of Benedicts Soul Zion into the test tube. Clean the beaker. Fill the beaker full of water. Place the beaker full of water on a to plate and turn the hotplate on high. Place the test tube in the beaker full of water and boil for 5 minutes. Label the test tube as positive control sugar using masking TA pee and place in the test tube rack. Negative Controlling a test tube 4/5 full Of distilled Water. Pour 10 drops of Benedicts Solution into the test tube. Fill a beaker full of water. Place the b eager full of water on a hot plate and turn the hotplate on high. Place the test tube in the beaker full of water and boil for 5 minutes. Label the test tube as negative control gaff u sing masking tape and place in the test tube rack. . Protein Positive Controlling leg of eightieth powder (or albumen) with mill of distilled water in a beaker using a glass stirring rod until all of the powder is did solved. Pour the solution into a beaker until the beaker is 4/5 full. Pour 10 drops of Beirut reagent into the test tube with the solution. Label the test tube as positive control protein SSI Eng masking tape and place in the test tube rack. Negative Control Fill a test tube 4/5 full with distilled water. Pour 10 drops of Beirut reagent into the test tube with the water. Label the test tube as negative intro protein using masking tape and place in the test tube rack. A. Starch Positive Controlling 1 g of corn starch with mill of distilled water in a beaker using a glass stirring rod until all of the powder is dissolved. Pour the solution into a beaker until the beaker is 4/5 full. Pour 10 drops of iodine reagent into the t est. tube with the solution. Label the test tube as positive control starch using masking tape an d place in the test tube rack. Drops of iodine reagent into the test tube with the water. Label the test tube control starch using masking tape and place in the test tube rack. . Make the foods you are testing into a solution. A. This can be done With a mortar and pistil or a blender. Place your crunched u p food into a beaker. Add water to your food in the beaker to make it into a solution. Filter the chunks out by pouring the solution through a screen and/ or cheesecloth into another beaker. 2. Pour the food solution into as many test tubes as the number of tests you are performing. For example, if you are testing for starch, sugar, protein, and lip ads you will need four test tubes. Label each test tube with the food that is being tests and the macromolecule you are testing for using masking tape. 3. Place 10 drops of the appropriate reagent in the appropriate test tube. A. Sugar Benedicts Solution must be heated with food in order to produce a result b. Starch Iodine c. Protein Beirut reagent d. Lipid Sudan Ill reagent 4. Compare your results to the positive and negative test controls. 5. Record your data in a data table 6. Complete a lab report by following the lab report template. All sections are re quirked except calculations. 7. Type up your lab report using Google docs and invite all interested parties. . Post your lab report on your unit 2 weeping. The trial calls for multiple tests and multiple tests should be done to get the b est. results. The independent variable is food type, while sugar, lipids, protein, starch are t he dependent variable. The control variable and what must be kept constant is the + starch, + protein, + Lipid, + sugar. In a way thats the control trial and what you compare results to . Your suppose to test for + starch, + protein, + Lipid, + sugar and see if your food is positive n active starch, protein, lipid, and sugar. Data and Calculations Observations During this experiment we observed how the color of our food distillations changed with the different solutions. Each solution reacts differently. For example, when testing for the pepper for starch, iodine was added, and when the solution turned dark and cloudy, compared to the control it was obviously a protein positive.

These books should be read by everyone.

These books should be read by everyone. Tiny Beautiful Things: Advice on Love and Life from Dear Sugar by Cheryl Strayed This is a real treasure for real romantics! The book is about how to become a real person with a capital letter. And everything began very modestly. Cheryl Strayed began to write columns for a literary site online. She used the pseudonym "Sugar". The result surpassed all expectations. Soon the world saw a podcast "Dear sugar radio". And then it came to the collection of NY Times-bestselling book compilation. If you pay attention to the cover, you can immediately understand what the author wants to say. Cheryl shows that in any situation there is something good. In the most terrible situations, we can remain the best people. If you are in trouble, read this book, and you will be able to look at the world and the situation from a different angle. This book is a kind of anecdotal guidance, which is read in one breath. The Defining Decade: Why Your Twenties Matter and How to Make the Most of Them by Meg Jay This book was written by a clinical psychologist with many years of experience in his field. This is a book for adults. Dr. MegJay tells about the success and how to achieve it. And literally in everything: personal growth, career, personal life, love, and romance... Of course, Dr. MegJay is not only a theorist but also a practitioner. She tells her story of success, the history of all life, from early childhood. This is a living example of how even the saddest story can be changed and get a happy end. The book motivates a person to realize their dreams and their potential. It will calm down any of your psychological fears. And it does not matter whether these fears are: fail in business or the fear of growing up. In fact, this book gives an incredible boost to every person. So strong push which your friends, career counselor, family, and therapist will not give you! The Untethered Soul: The Journey Beyond Yourself by Michael Singer The book became the number one in the category "Emotional Mental Health" on Amazon. After that, the book became a bestseller of "The New York Times". Imagine this? Each of us has an inner voice that can’t stop all day. Sometimes because of him, we can’t even sleep. For example, you think, "I forgot to turn off the iron... Oh, I think I'll be late again!... My mother was probably upset because of what I told her yesterday... I'm so hungry... Where did Jim buy this phone? I also want one... My boss did not raise me. But he promised me, and not once! ". Thanks to this book you will learn how to get some space from this voice and easily cope with yourself and with your own thoughts. You will find your way to harmony and happiness. And for this, you will need the principles of the ancient philosophy of the East and modern psychology. Relish: My Life in the Kitchen by Lucy Knisley Many people dream of learning how to cook. Or think that their wife or husband learn how to cook. But this is so great! You can save money for life, do not go to expensive restaurants. Your self-esteem will grow up! In fact, cooking is a functional and productive form of art, and you can practice this art every day. But you object that it is difficult to cook. That's why we recommend reading this book. This is a graphic memoir, reminiscent of an illustrated cartoon. Lucy Knisley will tell you and show you how to enjoy cooking with a prescription, buy only quality products and spices. It will help you figure out what you like in the kitchen (maybe it's even more important than what you like in bed?). While you are reading the book, Lucy Knisley seems to hold your hand and follow the way of culinary art with you. Fates and Furies by Lauren Groff This book was read by Barack Obama. According to NYTimes, this is a bestseller with very interesting characters. Believe me, you will read this novel even at night! It tells about the family life of a man and a woman. And in the first part of the book the story is conducted on behalf of a man, and in the second - on behalf of a woman. You will learn that a person's life can improve over the years. And these improvements depend on your personality, the actions you do, and on how they change or don’t change during life. The book tells how important it is to maintain one's personality in partnership with a husband/wife.

Amercian History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Amercian History - Essay Example Although the colonies were self-governed from thirty years earlier, the straining relationship with the British crown became more acute with the passage of each new tax law. The series of tax laws, including the Sugar Act, the Stamp Act and the Currency Act aggravated the grievances of an already over-taxed colonial population. Almost all trade-related shipments to and from the Eastern American coast was deemed taxable. While some of the taxes were reasonable, others were plainly unjust, given that the colonists were not granted representation in the affairs of the Crown. The British Crown reasoned that such taxations were necessary to keep up its expansive and expensive naval operations. But its use of authoritarian methods in enforcing tax laws proved to be the decisive spur for American Revolution. For example, when some of the governing officers in the colonies expressed their solidarity with fellow colonists, the British Crown took a hasty decision to dismiss and replace all dis loyal officers and took more stringent measures to enforce taxation laws. This move further alienated the colonists and primed their thoughts for independence. Studying the American declaration of independence in retrospect, we see that the British rule, by its obstinate, inconsiderate and high-handed approach to dealing with colonial affairs, had triggered the revolt. By 1770 the movement for independence had gathered substantial following, making it a full blown war against Britain. Colonists gathered in huge numbers and participated in protestations. They applied paints on their faces, wore Mohawks as a mark of identifying with America, while simultaneously distinguishing themselves from British troops. It was at this juncture that the famous Boston Tea Party happened. Acting in disobedience to the orders given from England, the colonists marched down onto the ships that sat in the bay that contained crates of tea. After

Curriculum questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Curriculum questions - Coursework Example According to the chosen standards documents, the analysis process is highly focused on few major aspects including curriculum documentation process, situation resulted in the development phase primary purposes and organizing process of the contents, implementation process of the curriculum and evaluation of the learning outcomes, and identifying strengths and limitations of the curriculum (Parkway Central Middle School, 2013). The limitations that have been recognized in the curriculum documentation process are the inability to define the key roles and significance of the curriculum critically along with its transaction. Moreover, problems associated with exploring syllabuses and their association with the ESOL standards is observed as a major limitation of the curriculum analysis (Posner, 1995). During the development phase of the curriculum, the project team is involved in various situations. In this regard, the superintendent makes the curriculum development project. The superintendent is accountable for generating effective set of cast characters associated with the curriculum standards and accordingly, supervise their roles. Few of the major cast characters associated with the development phase of the curriculum include Assistant Superintendent of Teaching and Learning; Assistant Superintendent of Student Services; Human Resources Consultant; Chief, Communication, Information and Financial Officers. The key cast characters in the curriculum development project are affiliated with the curriculum standards in English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL). According to the curriculum development project for 6-8 grade, the Assistant Superintendents of both teaching and student services are responsible to identify the required set of curriculum activities that can address t he needs of the first grade learners. Moreover, they are also accountable to

Let them die Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Let them die - Essay Example 500 hundred languages are spoken by less than 100 speakers; another 1500 languages are spoken by less than 1000 speakers. Most of the languages will survive in the next decades. Such disappearances are galvanized into action in increasingly vocal campaign to preserve a linguistic diversity. When a language dies we lose the possibilities of a unique way of describing and perceiving the world. The effect of homogenizing monoculture upon the ways of life, pop ham was afraid of the spread of English by the American culture; it was delivered by Japanese technology and hegemony of a few notable transactional languages. David a linguist echoed the sentiments last year. We care about the dying languages which reduces the diversity of the planets. Vanishing voices, Daniel and Suzanne, link to preserve languages to the campaign for fundamental human rights and protection the minority groups which is regarded as aggressive cultural imperialism and globalization, they argue in a bench mark in cultural diversity. Death of languages is symptomatic cultural death a way life disappears. The point of any language is to enable communication, the translator Miguel Leon and renowned Mexican historian has put it in order to survive, a language must have a functional language spoken by few or a hundred, is not a language. Enriching to learn other languages delve into other cultures, but it is not because different cultures and languages are unique. Making across contact of barriers of culture and languages allows room for expansion of horizons and becomes more universal (Lyons, 148). Human capacity of any language shapes the way of thinking, most linguists long given idea about people perception of the world, and concepts they hold. French speakers view the universe differently from the English speakers; they speak French which is clearly absurd. Biological notions of racial differences have fallen into disfavor, as a result, of the

How having child would change or has changed your life Essay

How having child would change or has changed your life - Essay Example At first, I naturally felt anxious and scared of having a child because of the enormous responsibility that was ahead of me. But the moment my daughter was born, I learned to confront the challenge of raising my child. I became a braver person who faced her new life as a parent for the first time. From a once happy-go-lucky type of girl, I became more serious in taking care of my children and making sure that I secure their own future. It must have been a motherhood instinct that, as I faced parenthood, I immediately felt as though I could not afford being reckless with my actions and decisions. Indeed, I became more mature in making sound judgment and choices in life. When it comes to my personal relationship, I believe that having kids made me become more focused in keeping my relationship in harmony. When I was younger, I tend to be too demanding and impatient with my partner. However, as soon as my kids were born, I became more forgiving and understanding because I recognized the hardships that we both have endured while raising our kids. As much as possible, it was my goal to keep my family intact through communication and understanding. Together with my husband, I faced parenthood to provide the welfare, support, and happiness that our children need. We became more focused in securing our child’s well-being and making sure that both of our kids can find happiness within the family. Moreover, becoming a mother made me become more appreciative about my own parents. It dawned on me that they too must have sacrificed a lot to properly take care of me and my siblings. Because of this realization, I became close with my parents more than ever. I found myself being comfortable as I asked them questions about practical decisions on parenthood. I also patiently listened for their sincere advice and I have always been grateful whenever they extend help to my family When it comes to achieving goals, I have now mastered to base all my career decisions to whate ver is good for my family. For every career move that I make, I see to that it would be for the benefit of my children. When I was younger, I was more open to career changes, but when I had kids, I thought about securing my job for their future. I am working harder now and as a result, I am able to provide for their needs. With added focus on my work, I sometimes have barely enough time for myself. I am not able to hang out with my friends after work like I used to. Instead, I would always rush home to check and see my children. As a mother, I do not see this as a hindrance or curtailment of my personal freedom because I always look forward to be at home and enjoy quality time with my kids. Lastly, I believe that the most significant change that happened in my life because of motherhood is my renewed perspective of happiness. My previous idea of enjoyment changed a lot. Before, it was more about satisfying and thinking about myself. But now, it is more about sharing joy with my chil dren. I became selfless about happiness. And so, while parenthood gave more responsibilities in life, it also gave me twice the enjoyment and delight by simply seeing my kids smile. Aside from that, I developed adoration for other kids as well. Over time, I learned to engage more with them. I previously had a difficult challenge in dealing with kids before, but now that I have become more

THEORIES OF MOTIVATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

THEORIES OF MOTIVATION - Essay Example Their work has become generally predictable with little or no challenge, especially with the supervisor involving himself at the floor level for telling the workers what to do, and often doing it himself. The workforce needs motivation to get out of its present de-motivated state. Maslow’s theory of motivation with its emphasis on analyzing individual needs and psychological factors will help to find solution. This contrasts with Herzberg’s or McGregor’s theories that place greater importance on situation analysis and management style respectively. Key words: Motivation, Maslow, Herzberg, McGregor, needs, psychological factors, Theory X, Theory Y, Gen Xers, Millennials, relationship, team-spirit. Case Study: Sun-2-Shade - Theories of Motivation Case summary The Sun-2-Shade case reflects the situation whereby workers do not feel motivated in spite of the business flourishing, good pay and a supportive supervisor. The significant descriptive words in the case like boring job, resenting supervisor help and late-coming clearly point to the estrangement between the supervisor and his workers, who are said to be around his age group (Gen Xers and Millennials). There is an absence of team-spirit, no sense of belonging or accepting responsibility for their lackadaisical attitude. One needs to analyze the case in the light of theory of motivation vis-a-vis the supervisor’s approach and characteristics of the age group of the workers/supervisor. Using Abraham Maslow’s theory of motivation Maslow’s hierarchical nature of human needs point to what motivates a person at a particular stage of his/her career. For example, people at the bottom of the 7-stage pyramid of the hierarchy value the basic physiological needs more. When the lower stage needs are met, the relevant factors lose their importance as motivators and a higher degree of motivating factors come into play, which are more psychological nature. Thus, as they move up to, f or example, the fourth stage, self-worth and self-esteem become more relevant as ‘needs’ – in other words, motivating factors (Martin and Jumis, 2007, pp.72-75). Significantly, Sun-2-Shade workers seem to be yearning for such recognition having already achieved secure jobs, good pay and working in a progressive/growing company. A word about the interaction of the age factor is relevant. The supervisor and the workers are of the age group – Gen Xers (born 1965-‘76 period) and Millennials (born 1977-‘98 period) (Thielfoldt and Scheef, 2004). Obviously, the age group is a mix of the seniors of the former and juniors of the latter categories. Gen Xers prefer ‘flexibility and freedom’ while Millennials value ‘structured, supportive environment’ but can ‘expect and demand more’ (ibid.). Hence there are subtle differences in the groups of workers and this can point to the solution to the problem. Using Herzberg a nd McGregor theories Herzberg’s two factor motivation theory proposed that hygiene factors have the ability to reduce dissatisfaction while motivators increase job satisfaction (Anon., n.d, online). The hygiene factors like pay and benefits, job security, working conditions, company policies, etc. determine how an individual rates his job/employer against his own expectations. In the process of such assessment, the individual is less concerned about his own credentials and more concerned with what he is getting out of the job. The better the hygiene factors the more the satisfaction level, which then works as the basis for the motivators. The motivators like work content, recognition, promotion etc. help an individual to gain a sense of job satisfaction. Hence, the Herzberg theory supports the view that motivation cannot be achieved if the underlying hygiene factors are ignored. McGregor’

History of the Universe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History of the Universe - Essay Example c) Another hydrogen atom sits in the bound state characterized by the -0.38eV energy level. It subsequently absorbs a photon of energy 5eV. In one or two sentences describe what happens to the atom. When the -.38eV electron absorbed a 5eV photon, the electron would become unbound and the atom would ionize. d) In one or two sentences explain how the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation corresponding to photons of visible light. Electromagnetic wavelength is inversely proportional to the photon energy emitted. When the energy is such that it falls between 656nm (red) and 410nm (violet), this is the visible spectrum. a) In one or two sentences explain whether the gravitational and electromagnetic forces between the two nuclei are attractive or repulsive. The gravitational force is attractive and the electromagnetic force is repulsive. b) If the nitrogen-16 nucleus is replaced by a second oxygen-16 nucleus explain in one or two sentences how the strength of each of the two forces discussed above would change if at all. Be as quantitative as you can with your answer. The gravitational force would remain the same due to the same atomic mass. The repulsive electromagnetic force would proportionally increase with the addition of a proton in the nucleus. c) State a way in which you could reduce the strength of the electromagnet... Be as quantitative as you can with your answer. The gravitational force would remain the same due to the same atomic mass. The repulsive electromagnetic force would proportionally increase with the addition of a proton in the nucleus. c) State a way in which you could reduce the strength of the electromagnetic force between the two oxygen-16 nuclei to zero but leave the strength of the gravitational force between the two nuclei virtually unchanged. Adding the 8 orbital electrons to the model would cancel the electromagnetic forces and would leave the gravitational attraction unchanged due to the electrons negligible mass. Question B3 a) Give the names of the types of object that represent the three possibilities that a star can become at the end of its life. A star may become a dwarf (White, brown,black), a super-nova, or collapse into a black hole. b) In no more than 100 words explain why massive stars come to an end of their lives and what happens to the star as the end point is reached. Massive stars burn their fuel more rapidly. As they continue their evolution, fusion produces heavier elements and each successive stage provides fuel for the next stage. As they reach their final stage with an iron core, the iron is too compact to fuse into heavier elements. Gravity overwhelms the equilibrium of the star causing it to collapse. The rapid contraction causes the star's core to rebound into a core-collapse supernova. c) In no more that 100 words explain why the way in which massive stars die is important for the chemical evolution of the universe. Massive stars fuse lighter elements into heavier elements such as helium, carbon,

THEORIES OF MOTIVATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

THEORIES OF MOTIVATION - Essay Example Their work has become generally predictable with little or no challenge, especially with the supervisor involving himself at the floor level for telling the workers what to do, and often doing it himself. The workforce needs motivation to get out of its present de-motivated state. Maslow’s theory of motivation with its emphasis on analyzing individual needs and psychological factors will help to find solution. This contrasts with Herzberg’s or McGregor’s theories that place greater importance on situation analysis and management style respectively. Key words: Motivation, Maslow, Herzberg, McGregor, needs, psychological factors, Theory X, Theory Y, Gen Xers, Millennials, relationship, team-spirit. Case Study: Sun-2-Shade - Theories of Motivation Case summary The Sun-2-Shade case reflects the situation whereby workers do not feel motivated in spite of the business flourishing, good pay and a supportive supervisor. The significant descriptive words in the case like boring job, resenting supervisor help and late-coming clearly point to the estrangement between the supervisor and his workers, who are said to be around his age group (Gen Xers and Millennials). There is an absence of team-spirit, no sense of belonging or accepting responsibility for their lackadaisical attitude. One needs to analyze the case in the light of theory of motivation vis-a-vis the supervisor’s approach and characteristics of the age group of the workers/supervisor. Using Abraham Maslow’s theory of motivation Maslow’s hierarchical nature of human needs point to what motivates a person at a particular stage of his/her career. For example, people at the bottom of the 7-stage pyramid of the hierarchy value the basic physiological needs more. When the lower stage needs are met, the relevant factors lose their importance as motivators and a higher degree of motivating factors come into play, which are more psychological nature. Thus, as they move up to, f or example, the fourth stage, self-worth and self-esteem become more relevant as ‘needs’ – in other words, motivating factors (Martin and Jumis, 2007, pp.72-75). Significantly, Sun-2-Shade workers seem to be yearning for such recognition having already achieved secure jobs, good pay and working in a progressive/growing company. A word about the interaction of the age factor is relevant. The supervisor and the workers are of the age group – Gen Xers (born 1965-‘76 period) and Millennials (born 1977-‘98 period) (Thielfoldt and Scheef, 2004). Obviously, the age group is a mix of the seniors of the former and juniors of the latter categories. Gen Xers prefer ‘flexibility and freedom’ while Millennials value ‘structured, supportive environment’ but can ‘expect and demand more’ (ibid.). Hence there are subtle differences in the groups of workers and this can point to the solution to the problem. Using Herzberg a nd McGregor theories Herzberg’s two factor motivation theory proposed that hygiene factors have the ability to reduce dissatisfaction while motivators increase job satisfaction (Anon., n.d, online). The hygiene factors like pay and benefits, job security, working conditions, company policies, etc. determine how an individual rates his job/employer against his own expectations. In the process of such assessment, the individual is less concerned about his own credentials and more concerned with what he is getting out of the job. The better the hygiene factors the more the satisfaction level, which then works as the basis for the motivators. The motivators like work content, recognition, promotion etc. help an individual to gain a sense of job satisfaction. Hence, the Herzberg theory supports the view that motivation cannot be achieved if the underlying hygiene factors are ignored. McGregor’

The New Frontier Politics and Social Change Essay Example for Free

The New Frontier Politics and Social Change Essay The decade of the 1960s is a link between the past and the future. The exciting images and events of the 1960s were traces and shadows of the previous two decades and at the same time served as the influences of the present. The same decade characterized the U.S. history with the emergence of new frontier politics and social change coming from famous personalities and notable events. What used to be just an inspirational slogan used by John F. Kennedy, the â€Å"new frontier† phrase became the domestic and foreign policy label or trademark by the 35th President of one of the most powerful nations in the world. The colorful era of the 1960s saw the beginning of the new frontier, expansion of the civil rights movement, foreign frontiers, Lyndon Johnson and the great society, from civil rights to black power, the tragedy of Vietnam, and the sixties crescendo, all of which shaped not only the lives of the American people but of a lot of people around the world. Notwithstanding its success and failures, the 1960s new disciplines and social changes indeed determined the people and events of the past and the present. A Glimpse of New Frontiers: Politics and Social Change in the 1960s In a document titled â€Å"New Frontiers: Politics and Social Change in the 1960s,† historians George B. Tindall, David E. Shi and Thomas Lee Pearcy told of John F. Kennedy as the 35th President of the United States in a decade that showed an active idealism. Based on the account of the three authors, the 1960s also attested a spectacular and fresh stage of the civil rights movement. The pictured Kennedy was one of the first nation presidents to acknowledge that the majority of the American people were not only entangled into poverty but also deprived of public awareness or consciousness. The three historian added that despite the fact that Kennedy himself was unwilling to battle racial discrimination in his country, the circumstances of the 1960s eventually drove him and the next President, Lyndon Johnson, to make civil rights their main business.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Actually, it was the time of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. which saw the beginning and foundation of the national civil rights movement. Securing from the superior scheme of nonviolent civil disobedience, King grabbed the attention and sympathy of a ca self-satisfied country like the U.S. The same decade accounted for the formation by King of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference of SCLS. King and his organization compelled the national leaders to help and address needs of the victims of racial injustice. This was done through a lot of protests. Kings burning dedication and morale-booster expressions ignited patriotism among both black as well as white Americans. His campaigns resulted in the enactment of major measures such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that specifically forbid racial discrimination in work force and public places. Kings efforts also led to the legislation of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 that superseded literacy examinations and other legal ways utilized by local registrars to refuse blacks right to voting. The cited events made King the recipient of the 1964 Nobel Peace.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, as the civil rights movement began to take part, its lawful and political profits failed to be turned into a fast economic and social improvement. Black-related incidents of crime and drug addiction, fatherless households, and intense frustration and alienation persisted in the country. Statistics showed the number of race riots, people that were killed and arrested. It was unfortunate that for a lot of urban blacks (African-Americans), civil rights movement resulted into less and real improvement in their lives. This is because in real life, these blacks actually suffered from prolong poverty, unemployment, decreasing housing and schools facilities, and cruelty by those in power.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The campaign for â€Å"Black Power† in the middle of 1960s was a result of the impatience of the young black militants with Kings leadership ability and his dedication to consolidate within the whites who are the majority of the society. This was spearheaded by Stokely Carmichael and H. Rap Brown who resisted the peaceful civil rebellion of King and his organization. For them, Black Power became the rallying cry in the mid-1960s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Black Power idea came from the black custom of patriotism on the premise that black people such as those with African roots partake in a unique civilization and fate. It was based from the agitating dissatisfaction of the rate of social modifications among urban blacks. Malcolm X, who was the most powerful advocate of black patriotism, encouraged the blacks to even violently take charge in their communities. Malcolm X was different with King because he was not fascinated in supporting consolidation with the whites. His aim was an isolated and independent black society in his country. In a turn of events before the mid-1960s, Malcolm X started to soften his position. He separated from the Black Muslims and started to speak of racial cooperation. For Malcolm X. this apparent abandonment resulted in his death perpetrated by the assassins from his own group.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The aggressiveness portrayed by Malcolm X continued among the younger Black Power supporters. It was in the summer of 1966 that Stokely Carmichael led the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee or SNCC to break away from its initial dedication to non-violent social alteration. He was replaced by H. Rap Brown who instructed SNCC members to arm themselves, put the cities on fire, and kill the whites. Another group led by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale supported these powerful campaign feelings and eventually formed the Black Panther Party that made insurgent activities against white leaders.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The summer from 1965 and 1968 sparked racial-related public violence in American municipalities. The number of killed and arrested people as well as the escalating rioting during 1967 compelled President Johnson to designate Governor Otto Kerner of Illinois as a special National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. The Kerner Commission Report, that determined the causes of the racial violence, went out the next year. It called for a caring, solid and continuous dedication to racial and social fairness to be supported by the most powerful and richest country in the whole world. Again in a tragic turn of circumstances and after a month that the Kerner paper was reported, King was assassinated that re-ignited eruption of racial-related violence in the U.S.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the later part of the 1960s the cry for racial equality was complicated with other powerful events within American societies. These include antiwar resistance or protest actions as well as compelling feminist-related actions. The connection among these two forces, coupled with other campaigns, which were elicited with their traditional backfires, jeopardized and unscrambled U.S. towards the end of 1960s. For more and a detailed understanding of the cited new frontier politics and social changes, it would be helpful and important to note the Tindall, Shi and Pearcy documents that appeared in â€Å"The Essential America† (2001) and â€Å"America: A Narrative History† (2003). The New Frontier   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to the similar documents that appeared in both books, the election, eventually victory and domestic as well as foreign policies for the nation characterized what President Kennedy called as the new frontier. Aside from these, the strong personality or character of Kennedy and his family had a much effect to the events of the 1960s. The three authors manifestation of the new frontier was traced from Kennedys wealthy family and from the Presidents own portrayal of vigor, energy, and even his good or charming looks. His Catholicism was never a problem and impossibility. In fact, he was more noted for his youth and having a beautiful wife caught the American imagination (Tindall, Shi Pearcy, 2001 2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The said Tindall, Shi and Pearcy materials documented the economic policies of the â€Å"New Frontier legislation† such as the gain in the minimum salary of the people and that of expenses incurred by the government expenditures that were intended for housing of poor Americans. The three authors, however, noted the tragic assassination of Kennedy that was accompanied by various conflicting conspiracy theories. They added that this unfortunate end to the life of Kennedy and the other turn of events during the early 1960s failed to divulge some weaknesses and failures of the said regime. Specifically, Kennedys new frontier is all about Kennedys election; his style of administration; and his domestic records such as the tax-cut proposal and legislative victories because of foreign aid, Peace Corps, trade expansion, housing assistance, increased minimum wage, area development and space race (Tindall, Shi Pearcy, 2003). Civil Rights Movement   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tindall, Shi and Pearcy said that the fight for equal rights for Blacks actually started even before the decade of the 1960s. The three historians accounted that the Blacks rights to citizenship and vote were provided by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution, respectively. For a short time and just before 1877, the Blacks actively took part in the American politics. This was cut off as the racists Whites restored their rule. This made it harder for Blacks to utilize their rights as provided by the Constitution. The Blacks have been continuously conscious of their countrys cry to battle dictatorship. However, it turned out that the rights that they fought for were always intended for others such as the Anglo Saxon. This was in contrast with the Whites who were associated with home, family and the country. The Blacks, who realized that they were always violated and ignored, eventually affirmed that they needed to fight and even die to protect their rights.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The fight for rights of the Blacks started with their sit-in protest organizations. These were done during lunch in various restaurants counters. In the event they were not serviced, the Black just stayed at their respective locations. Although some of these sit-ins were effective, the Blacks are usually faced with violence and the militants were even jailed. The sit-ins were later followed by boycott, marches, picketing and other forms of protests that turned out to be effective. The freedom that the Black Americans enjoy today was the fruits of the campaigns made by a lot of former Blacks who just died giving up the fight. In particular, Tindall, Shi and Pearcy wrote that the growth of the civil rights movement included the mass movements, student participation, formation of the SNCC, and importance of 1960s music. This period was also marked by freedom rides and the Federal intervention particularly the integration of â€Å"Ole Miss,† Birmingham demonstrations, JFKs changing position as well as his confrontation with George Wallace (Tindall, Shi Pearcy, 2003). Foreign Frontiers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to the same Tindall, Shi and Pearcy documents, the foreign frontiers in the 1960s actually referred to Kennedys foreign policies. The invasion of Cuba proved to be both successful and failure for Kennedy administration. Just after taking his oath of office, Kennedy discovered a CIA strategy to invade Cuba and overrule President Fidel Castro with the utilization of Cuban exiles in the United States. Kennedys approval of the Bay of Pigs in April of 1961 turned out to be a disaster. This is because his decision to withheld critical air support at the last minute resulted to Soviet Unions increased direct military aid to Cube thereby jeopardizing the American operation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The hostilities between the communist USSR and the United States that were already   in place because of the construction of the Berlin Wall in August of 1961 escalated in the last quarter of 1962. This was proven by aerial photographs which disclosed that the Russians were building medium-range missile sites in Cuba. The nuclear fiasco between the USSR and the United States was immediately acted upon by Kennedy when he instructed a naval barricade around Cuba. This military action prevented the Soviet Union from bringing in any more missiles in Cuba and the Russians were also forced to dismantle and remove any missiles already placed in Cuba. History accounted this event as the Cuban missile crisis that actually brought the world to the edge of nuclear war. It was terminated four days after the Kennedy order when Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev surrendered to Kennedys requirements. The missiles were returned to the USSR while the United States committed not to invade Cuba and, in a more subtle decision, also removed its own missiles from Turkey (Tindall, Shi Pearcy, 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thereafter, the relationship between America and Soviet Union improved as proven by the establishment of a â€Å"hot line† telephone link between Washington and Moscow that made communications between the superpowers easier. It was in August of 1963 that the Soviet Union, apparently worried over a possible threat from China, called on for Great Britain and the United States and the three nations later signed the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. This pact prohibited nuclear testing on the earths air and water areas. However, other nuclear-power countries such as France and China did not take part in the accord. Noticeably, the treaty with the USSR actually showed that Kennedy still safeguarded his country from communist expansion (Tindall, Shi Pearcy, 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kennedys foreign policies also involved the countrys additional American military and personnel assistance to South Vietnam. By the end of 1963, there were 16,000 U.S. military personnel in the region. The increased presence of the communist Viet Cong in the provinces signaled the beginning of the Vietnam Wat with Kennedy supporting the South Vietnamese Army in overthrowing infamous President Ngo Dinh Diem. However, the decision of the United States to recognize the new military government that succeeded Diem after his death proved to be a wrong foreign policy made by Kennedy. This is because the new government barely made an effort to put up even a show of democracy. Although Kennedy supporters claimed that the president was inclined to withdraw from Vietnam after the 1964 election, his critics believed that the withdrawal was an apparent acceptance of the domino theory that viewed Communism as a massive entity which is hard to reckon with (Tindall, Shi Pearcy, 2001).    Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Johnson administration was initially shocked by the Kennedy assassination. Despite the fact that the Kennedy regime was such a promise, Johnson had to move the country. He did this through his superior political skills and tactics and by making use as well as putting into actions what Kennedy was able to put in Congress legislation. Johnsons programs included working for a better education system and school facilities, medical care for the elderly and ultimately to put a stop to poverty. Johnsons efforts were tested in influencing Congress to approve the Medicare and Medicaid measures. Aside from these, there were also other similarly important cases handled by the Supreme Court during the Johnson administration that helped formed the American society. Specifically, Johnson and what was called the Great Society was characterized by the Presidents background and style, his early legislative achievements, the 1964 election, landmark legislations, civil rights movement and the development of Black power (Tindall, Shi Pearcy, 2003). From Civil Rights to Black Power   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Civil Rights movement in the 1960s was followed by the Black Power when a lot of SNCC members such as Kwame Ture who were critical of the peaceful means to address racial equality. The progression of increasingly radical Civil Rights Movement was also followed by the increasing yet subtle rejection by the younger Blacks of the idea of appealing to the publics morality and religious doctrines. Black power proponents generally reasoned that their consolidation with the Whites actually steal them of their self-respect and inheritance. In present world, majority of Black Power proponents did not change their independence argument. This is because racial equality remains around the world and it is generally accepted that the Black Americans did not finally absorb into the American mainstream culture. In fact, the Blacks were more suppressed by their own race nowadays.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Tindall, Shi and Pearcy specifically identified that the civil rights movement included the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting Rights of 1965 while the development of the Black Power was characterized by the riots of 1965 and 1966, the assessment of the urban black condition and the focus on Black Power (Tindall, Shi Pearcy, 2003). The Tragedy of Vietnam   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What the Johnson administration aimed to stop the spread of Communism turned out to be disastrous for the administration primarily because of his critical decisions involving Vietnam War. As the war escalated, Americas assistance was not enough and the communist North Vietnamese gained control of more and more jurisdictions. This prompted Johnson to send additional military troops in South Vietnamese. This military action proved tragic for American war history and fatal for many American soldiers. It also jeopardized Johnsons administration and later hurt the Nixon regime. It was perceived as the longest yet least successful war that America has entered into. Sixties Crescendo   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tindall, Shi and Pearcy specifically identified that the sixties crescendo was composed of the twin tragedies of 1968 such as the assassinations of King and Kennedy as well as the convergence on the election of 1968. The 1960s significantly showed more than the above-cited events. The sixties crescendo manifested the young Americans’ refusal to accept the conventional norms of the 1960s society. This respite resulted to a counterculture that embraced the ideas of freedom and individuality. These ideas were seen with the young Americans experimentation of fresh kinds of dressing and music inclinations. This counterculture and pop culture not only tested how these young Americans would look like but also influenced their relationships with others. Aside from culture awakenings, the sixties crescendo was also marked by the promotion of the rights of the women. These included the passion for womens liberation and feminism. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Much has been showed by the new frontier politics and social changes in the 1960s. It marked the success and failures of the administrations of at least three famous American presidents – Kennedy, Johnson and Nixon. It also accounted for the emergence of the powerful personalities such as King and his successors. Nonetheless, all their works, achievements and misfortunes are now just a thing of the past. It would be fruitful, however, to note what they have done and what did the decade of 1960s taught not only the Americans but people worldwide. Simply put, there is no harm in learning from the accomplishments and mistakes of the past. References Tindall, G. B., Shi, D. E., Pearcy, T. L. (2001). The Essential America. New York: W. W.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Norton Company. Tindall, G. B., Shi, D. E., Pearcy, T. L. (2003). America: A Narrative History. New York:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   W. W. Norton Company.